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Comparison of adjectives in English

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  Comparative

  Superlative

  Irregular

  Comparison

Positive Form

Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions:

as … as

Example: Jane is as tall as John.

not as … as / not so … as

Example: John is not as tall as Arnie.

Too / Enough

Too equivale al español "demasiado".

Se utiliza siempre delante de los adjetivos o adverbios que modifica.

This exercise is too easy.
Este ejercicio es demasiado fácil.

He arrived too late.
El llegó demasiado tarde.

Luego del adjetivo, puede agregarse "to" más un verbo.

He's too young to drive.

Es demasiado joven para conducir.

He's too weak to lift that ball.
Es demasiado débil para levantar esa bola.

Si se usa con sustantivos, significa "demasiado/a/os/as" y va siempre seguido de many o much, dependiendo del tipo de sustantivo contable o incontable.

There are too many people.
Hay demasiada gente.

There is too much shadow.
Hay demasiada sombra.

Enough equivale al español "lo suficientemente".

Se utiliza siempre después de los adjetivos o adverbios que modifica.

I arrived early enough.
Llegué lo suficientemente temprano.

También puede ser seguido de "to" más un verbo.

He isn't old enough to drive.
No es lo suficientemente viejo como para manejar.

He isn't strong enough to lift it.
No es lo suficientemente fuerte como para levantarlo.

Si se usa con sustantivos, significa "suficiente/s" y va siempre antes.

There aren't enough chairs.
No hay suficientes sillas.

There isn't enough light.
No hay suficiente luz.

Grammatical constructions used for comparing adjectives

There are three forms of comparison:

• positive

• comparative

• superlative

1. Comparison with -er/-est

clean → cleaner → (the) cleanest

We use -er/-est with the following adjectives:

1.1. Adjectives with one syllable

positive

comparative

superlative

clean

cleaner

cleanest

new

newer

newest

cheap

cheaper

cheapest

1.2. Adjectives with two syllables and the following endings:

1.2.1. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y

positive

comparative

superlative

dirty

dirtier

dirtiest

easy

easier

easiest

happy

happier

happiest

pretty

prettier

prettiest

1.2.2. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -er

positive

comparative

superlative

clever

cleverer

cleverest1.2.3. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -le

positive

comparative

superlative

simple

simpler

simplest

1.2.4. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -ow

positive

comparative

superlative

narrow

narrower

narrowest

1.3. Spelling of the adjectives using the endings -er/-est

positive

comparative

superlative

comment

large

larger

largest

leave out the silent -e

big

bigger

biggest

Double the consonant after short vowel

sad

sadder

saddest

dirty

dirtier

dirtiest

Change -y to -i (consonant before -y)

shy

shyer

shyest

Here -y is not changed to -i.

(although consonant before -y)

2. Comparison with more – most

all adjectives with more than one syllable (except some adjectives with two syllables – see 2.1. to 2.4.)

positive

comparative

superlative

difficult

more difficult

(the) most difficult

3. Irregular adjectives

positive

comparative

superlative

comment

good

better

best

bad

worse

worst

much

more

most

uncountable nouns

many

more

most

countable nouns

little

less

least

little

smaller

smallest

4. Special adjectives

Some adjectives have two possible forms of comparison (-er/est and more/most).

positive

comparative

superlative

clever

cleverer / more clever

cleverest / most clever

common

commoner / more common

commonest / most common

likely

likelier / more likely

likeliest / most likely

pleasant

pleasanter / more pleasant

pleasantest / most pleasant

polite

politer / more polite

politest / most polite

quiet

quieter / more quiet

quietest / most quiet

simple

simpler / more simple

simplest / most simple

stupid

stupider / more stupid

stupidest / most stupid

subtle

subtler / more subtle

subtlest / most subtle

sure

surer / more sure

surest / most sure

5. Difference in meaning with adjectives

positive

comparative

superlative

comment

far

farther

farthest

distance

further

furthest

distance or

time

late

later

latest

latter

x

x

last

old

older

oldest

people and things

elder

eldest

people (family)

near

nearer

nearest

distance

x

next

order

Form and Comparison of Adverbs

Adverbs are used to express how something is done (adjectives express how someone or something is).

Example: The dog sleeps quietly. The dog is absolutely quiet.

Form

In general: adjective + -ly

adjective

adverb

slow

slowly

Exceptions in spelling

exception

example

silent e is dropped in true, due, whole

true → truly

y becomes i

happy → happily

le after a consonant is dropped

sensible → sensibly

after ll only add y

full → fully

Adjectives ending in -ic: adjective + -ally (exception: public-publicly)

adjective

adverb

fantastic

fantastically

Adjectives ending in -ly: use ‘in a … way / manner’ or another adverb with similar meaning

adjective

adverb

friendly

in a friendly way

in a friendly manner

likely

probably

Exceptions

adjective

adverb (meaning)

adverb (meaning)

good

well

difficult

with difficulty

public

publicly

deep

deep (place)

deeply (feeling)

direct

direct

directly (=soon)

hard

hard

hardly (=seldom)

high

high (place)

highly (figurative)

late

late

lately (=recently)

most

most

mostly (=usually)

near

near

nearly (=almost)

pretty

pretty (=rather)

prettily

short

short

shortly (=soon)

The following adjectives are also used as adverbs (without modification):

daily, enough, early, far, fast, hourly, little, long, low, monthly, much, straight, weekly, yearly, …